A determination on the cost efectiveness of temporary employees for a Essay

A determination on the cost efectiveness of temporary employees for a manufacturing company - Essay Example In this study, several items will be considered while analyzing the cost effectiveness of temporary workers. First, an overall analysis of the benefits as well as the drawbacks of temporary workers will be presented in comparison to the hiring of full-time employees. The presentation of this analysis will demonstrate that hiring temporary workers is, in fact, more beneficial for companies when trying to cut costs.Temporary workers allow for companies to adapt to fluctuating markets, and give them some control in an economy that has not provided much earning incentive. In order to resolve this and to adapt to changing times, temporary workers can be hired and maintained by companies for as long as needed. Skilled contingent workers are included in this study. While skilled contingent workers are often paid more than other temporary workers, and often more than full-time workers as well, their use still allows the company to save money. This is because they are usually brought on for s hort term projects, and then released when the projects are completed. The large salaries or hourly wages earned by skilled contingent workers thus will end, and the company can return to normal expenditure. There would therefore be no need to bring on another full-time employee to handle certain skilled situations that are needed for specific periods of time only, and this has helped to keep costs down for many companies. This study examined three companies throughout a one year, four quarter period. Costs were analyzed and determined as the companies transitioned into using more and more contingent workers. The results of this study demonstrate that companies achieved cost-cutting results that increased every quarter for each company that participated in the study. Therefore, this study helps to prove that temporary workers, whether skilled or not, can be used to help cut the costs of company finances. Based on the findings, it appears that the use of temporary workers does, in fa ct, cut costs for companies. Therefore, the key recommendations of this study are for companies to use temporary employees in order to save money in a worsening economy. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 CHAPTER I. Statement of the Problem 5 Statement of the Problem 5 Purpose of the Study 5 Research Objectives 5 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 Temporary Employees 6 Core Reasons and Responsibilities of the Temporary Agency 7 Core Reasons and Responsibilities of the Organization 8 Core Responsibility of the Temporary Employees 11 III. METHODOLOGY 13 IV. Data analysis 14 Who Are the Temporary Workers 14 What Jobs do Temporary Workers Perform 17 How Often Are They Used 18 Overview of the Model 20 Is Training and Hiring Employees Cost Effective 25 Company 1 - Illustration 26 Company 2 - Illustration 27 Company 3 - Illustration 27 V. Summary, CONCLUSION, Recommendations 28 VI. 28 REFERENCES 33 Refer to the Student Guide for formatting and titles of chapters, etc. Chapter 1: Statement of the Problem Due to the rise of the global economy, technological advancement and the growth of the service economy have promoted changes in the way organizations do business (Camerman, Cropanzano, & Vandenberghe, 2007). These require that business develop the ability to respond flexibly to the fast-changing environments. One such strategic decision is whether to engage temporary employ

EYMP3 3.2 welfare and welbeing Essay Example for Free

EYMP3 3.2 welfare and welbeing Essay EYMP3 – 3.2 Health visitor – works with the family will visit a child at home as well as see them at the clinic, they will record the child’s weight and height and carry out age milestone checks on the child. If the health visitor has any concerns they would then refer to the GP They would also give advice to the parent/carer or any information that they have. GP – would normally be the first port of call, they will monitor and keep all records of the health of a child, also give advice to the parents/carer and or make referrals if required. Speech therapist –They help child with speech, language and communication difficulties, they also give advice to parents/carer, pre-school and schools 2 Examples of professional advice for promoting the wellbeing of children and families Dentist – Regular check-ups and gives advice on how to keep teeth and gums healthy, cut down on sugary food and drinks, clean teeth every day morning and night and after every meal. Change 4 life – (www.NHS.uk/change 4lifechildren earlyyearsprovider For early years providers you can sign up as a local supporter, get regular news letters about campaigns and materials, as a childcare professional you can link up with the local community which puts you in a great position to spread the word â€Å"Change4life. Good habits are picked up early and a child will became used to eating healthy and nutritious snacks between meals every day as well as being active and have a great chance of becoming a healthy youngster enjoying a healthy life. To reap the rewards you can down load free posters and booklets that help you to help the children aged 2 – 5 years including games and activities that they can play on line to become more active and eat healthy food.

Isolation And Observation Of Bacteria Using Pure Culture Methods Biology Essay

Isolation And Observation Of Bacteria Using Pure Culture Methods Biology Essay INTRODUCTION Bacteria are found everywhere (Campbell Reece, 2005). They have the ability to colonize almost all habitats which means they come in wide varieties of forms. Understanding bacterial structure can therefore make it possible to understand their functions and survival. For example, just by studying the capsule layer of bacteria, one can get an idea of the pathogenicity of the bacteria. But they grow among diverse and mixed populations, where it is impossible to study a single species of bacteria. Thus it is necessary that the pure culture of bacterial colonies be obtained for studying. Pure culture is defined as a mass or group of cells arising from the same parent cell. Pure culture techniques, such as streak plate, pour plate and spread plate, isolate bacterial colonies from mixtures so that colonies comprising of the identical organisms can be studied. Isolation of pure culture is vital for characterizing a single species of bacteria ­ otherwise presence of contaminants can lead t o inaccurate observations (Prescott et al., 2005) Then the isolated bacterial colonies undergo incubation at 370C for 24 hours for all the three plates, after which, a colony can be selected and isolated again to obtain pure cultures. Another step in the experiment is to perform a differential staining method known as Gram staining, which mainly differentiates the bacteria into two categories: Gram positive and Gram negative based on their cell wall structures (Campbell and Reece, 2005). The species of bacteria present in the given broth culture were Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus and Bacillus Cereus. The appearances of these bacteria known in theory state that Escherichia Coli are Gram negative and rod-shaped; Bacillus Cereus are Gram positive and rod-shaped while Staphylococcus Aureus are Gram positive and cocci. So the experiment was carried out to see if it was possible to obtain pure cultures from mixed broth by applying streak, spread and pour plate techniques. AIMS The main objectives of this experiment were to understand the purpose, principles and techniques of Gram staining as well as the isolation of pure cultures. The experiment further aimed to compare the different isolation techniques, namely streak plate, spread plate and pour plate in terms of producing pure cultures, and also compare the morphological features of three types of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The procedure was carried out according to the instructions stated in the pages 32-36 of the Microbiology lab manual (MIC2011, Class Notes, 2011). RESULTS (combined with Morning Lab, Bench 1, Group A3) The entire experiment was carried out in three different sessions. Session 1 A broth culture, labelled as Culture 2, was provided and it was known to contain a mixture of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Sample from the broth culture was heat-fixed and then gram stained for observation under the light microscope. Three different types of bacteria were seen and their identifiable characteristics were matched with the three kinds of bacteria known to be present in the mixture. Table 1 Observation of Culture 2 (the broth culture) and characterisation of the types of bacteria seen under the microscope Species Cellular Morphology Type of Bacteria Gram Stain Shape Arrangement Type 1 (Gram +ve) Purple Coccus Cluster Staphylococcus aureus Type 2 (Gram -ve) Pink Rod (shorter) Single/Pair Escherichia coli Type 3 (Gram +ve) Purple Rod (longer) Chain Bacillus cereus After the presence of all three types of bacteria was confirmed, loopfuls from the broth culture were taken in order to prepare pure cultures using three isolation techniques streak plate, spread plate and pour plate. Once the three isolation plates were ready, they were incubated overnight at 37 °C for the next session. Session 2 After overnight incubation at 37 °C, the colonies which formed on the streak, spread and pour plate were observed under the microscope to see the distribution and the morphology of bacterial colonies. These isolation techniques helped determine which bacteria were responsible for the colony morphology. Table 2 Distribution and observation of bacterial colonies present in streak plate, spread plate and pour plate, after one-day incubation at 37 °C Appearance of Bacterial Colonies Streak Plate Spread Plate Pour Plate Distribution Primary inoculum and initial streaks were overlapping while the final streaks were distinct and separate Overlapping and could not be differentiated Overlapping and could not be differentiated Density High Higher Highest Location Few large colonies present on the surface of the agar Overlapping colonies present on the surface of the agar Distributed on the agar surface as well as within the agar medium Other Features Various features were noted among different colonies Opaque, irregular, smooth and flat White and opaque Since distinct and well-isolated colonies were not found from the spread plate and pour plate techniques, selection of distinct and clear colonies of all three types of bacteria were made from the streak plate and observed under the microscope. Table 3 Morphology of the bacterial colonies Appearance Colony 1 Colony 2 Colony 3 Shape Circular Circular Irregular Size Small Medium Large Surface Smooth and glistening Smooth and glistening Rough and dull Elevation Flat Convex Raised Color Pale yellow Yellow White Edge Undulating Smooth Undulating Opacity Opaque Transparent Opaque Identity Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Bacillus cereus Session 3 The isolated colonies were incubated overnight at 37 °C and inoculated onto new nutrient agar (NA) plates, after which pure plates of each type of bacteria were prepared and Gram stained followed by the observation of single colonies of bacteria under the microscope. Table 4 Observation of cellular and colonial morphology Type of Bacteria Colony Morphology Cellular Morphology Gram Stain Shape Arrange-ment Other Features Staphylococcus aureus Smallest in size; circular; flat; smooth surface and undulating edges; pale yellow and opaque (Gram +ve) Purple Coccus Cluster Pure culture was extracted. No contamination. Escherichia coli Medium in size; circular; convex; smooth surface and edges; yellow and transparent (Gram -ve) Pink Rod (shorter) Single/ Pair Pure culture was extracted. No contamination. Bacillus cereus Largest in size; irregular; raised; rough surface and undulating edges; white and opaque (Gram +ve) Purple Rod (longer) Chain Pure culture was extracted. No contamination. DISCUSSION (1) As seen in the table-4 of results, Bacillus cereus had the largest colony with irregular shape, raised elevation, rough and dull surface, undulating edges, opaque and white in colour. They are Gram positive and rod-shaped, which are arranged in chains. The moderate-sized colony was the Escherichia coli with a circular shape, convex elevation, smooth and glistening surface, smooth edges, transparent and yellow in colour. They are Gram negative and are seen under the microscope as short rod-shaped structures existing in pairs or single cells. The smallest of all colonies belonged to the Staphylococcus aureus, with a circular shape, smooth and glistening surface, undulating edges, opaque in pale yellow in colour. They are Gram positive cocci arranged in grape-like clusters and they do not form spores (Mahon et al., 2007). The cellular morphology of bacteria was observed by Gram staining while the colony morphology was seen using streak plate technique. The morphology of each bacterium observed in the pure cultures matched with those in the original mixture, but the colony size in pure culture was much bigger than those in mixed culture. The probable reason for this is that multiple bacterial colonies experience competition for nutrients while colonies in pure culture had sufficient food and space. No contamination was found and individual bacterial colonies were separated on an agar surface. (2) Among the three techniques used, streak plate is the most efficient way to produce well-isolated colonies, or in other words, pure colonies. In streak plate technique, the microorganisms containing many viable cells, were directly plated. However, in order for the technique to work well, there must be large populations of the organism in the original mixture (Sumbali and Mehrotra, 2009). Otherwise, the final streaks result in less or no colonies because in the streak plate method, the bacterial suspension is diluted more and more as it proceeds from the primary inoculums towards the latter streaks. Streak plate is a cost-effective and rapid-active method for separating bacteria in mixed cultures of high density and can also be repeated for achieving the desired purity. For these reasons, streak plate technique is widely used in laboratories (Pommerville, 2010). One disadvantage of streak plate is that the risk of contamination is higher since the plate is exposed to air for sever al times (Sumbali and Mehrotra, 2009). For more diluted populations, spread plate and pour plate are considered since they are easy to locate colonies among low density of evenly distributed populations (Willey et al., 2011). Serial dilutions reduce the microbial population (Willey et al., 2011). For spread plate, 0.1 ml of the bacterial suspension was taken from 10-2 dilution and spread over the agar whereas for pour plate, 1 ml of the suspension was taken from the 10-2 dilution. Although spread plate can separate a bacterial colony and it is more aseptic than streak plate, it is not feasible for isolating colonies from a mixture because the method is time-consuming and the colonies are not easily differentiated. However streak plate can be used to count microbial populations (Prescott et al., 2005). Similarly, pour plates are also used for counting microbial populations. Although it has the least risk of contamination, the process is time-consuming and the colonies are hard to dis tinguish or count since the colonies also grow inside the agar, for which this technique is not used to isolated colonies from a mixture. Pour plate is used for isolating and counting anaerobic bacteria since these microbes cannot survive in atmospheric levels of oxygen and are therefore only found within the agar and not on the surface of the agar (Hogg, 2005). (3) Gelatin is colourless, brittle and translucent medium (Willey et al., 2011). In this experiment, agar was used as the culture medium. Agar is preferred over gelatin for making solid media because of several reasons. First of all, unlike gelatine, agar contains complex polysaccharides that cannot be nutritionally digested or degraded by most microorganisms to form precipitates, since the incubation temperature of agar is about 20 °C, which is below the optimum temperature of most organisms and this enables the agar to remain solid when microorganisms are growing on it (Hogg, 2005). Secondly, agar sets firmly and strongly, providing a stable culture medium (Willey et al., 2011). Moreover, agar has a wide range of pH from 5 to 8 and also solidifies below 40 °C, for which liquid agar can be poured over the temperature sensitive nutrients without damaging them. Furthermore, the melting point of solid agar is above 100 °C and therefore can be used to culture thermophiles (Bauman, 2006). Finally, agar, being porous, can also show motility of the bacteria (Prescott et al., 2005). (4) Unlike bacterial colonies with heavy growth, the well-separated colonies do not have shortage of food or space, which prevents over-crowding and competition for resources and thus the bacterial growth rate is higher, for which they appear larger. Growth rate of bacterial cells in well-separated areas is further enhanced by the higher diffusion rate of the oxygen uptake by the cells and releasing of toxic metabolites out of the cell (Willey et al., 2011). On the other hand, bacteria in areas of high growth face competition for food and space for which their growth rate as well as survival rate is lower. This is probably the reason why Staphylococcus aureus, grew initially, but then stopped. In this experiment, once the bacteria were isolated, they were Gram stained and checked to ensure that no contamination had taken place and that each colony had single species of bacteria. (5a) An individual colony might contain more than one type of bacterium due to contamination. Common reasons for contamination are improper sterilization of inoculating loop or absence of aseptic techniques or sometimes even under sterilized environments. Contaminants are also present in the extracellular slime layer of bacteria and also in those bacteria which are joined in a network of chains. Another reason for not having the same type of bacterium in a colony, although very rare, is mutation and this results in the presence of multiple mutant strains of bacteria being present in a single colony (Pommerville, 2010). (5b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called binary fission where a parent cell divides into and subsequent divisions take place. In this way, a colony can arise from multip le cells of same or different species of bacteria which are deposited together on a solid medium and this is how a colony may not always have the same parent cell. Even when bacteria exist in clusters, not necessarily are they from a single parent cell (Hogg, 2005). (6) Passing the dried smear through the Bunsen flame is known as heat fixing. By doing so, the microorganisms are killed and attached firmly to the slide due to the coagulation of the proteins; otherwise they would wash off with the stains. Heat fixing also alters the structure of the microorganisms, preserving the general morphology, so that they become permeable to stains (Sumbali and Mehrotra, 2009). (7) A whole colony would result in a thick smear, which not only appear overlapping and crowded under the microscope, but also prevent the diffusion of the dyes across the cell, for which the alcohol would not be able to effectively decolorize the cells, causing majority of the cells to be stained purple. Also different types of bacterial cells have different staining methods which may get confusing. Therefore, it would get very difficult to identify individual cells. (8) There is no association between bacterial cell shape and reaction to Gram stain. Gram staining depends on the thickness of the bacterial cell wall which is composed of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan consists of abundant teichoic acid, a thin layer of periplasmic space and a peptide interbridge (Prescott et al., 2005). Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria come in various shapes. For instance, Staphylococcus aureus (coccus-shaped) and Bacillus cereus (rod-shaped) are both Gram positive. (9) The bacterial cell wall structure determines its Gram stain reaction. Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan which maintain rigidity and shape of the bacterial cell and also give protection from osmotic lyses (Prescott et al., 2005). However, in Gram positive bacteria, 90% of the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, for which the cell walls in Gram positive bacteria is thicker than in Gram negative bacteria where the peptidoglycan content is only 5 to 20%. The decolourisation depends on the peptidoglycan content in the cell wall and therefore determines whether the cell will be Gram stained or not. Upon addition of alcohol, the pores of the thick peptidoglycan layers shrink in the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria, which results in dehydration of the layer and retaining of the stain, for which they appear purple under the microscope. As for Gram negative bacteria, the alcohol wash opens the pores of the peptidoglycan layer and the stain is not retained in the pept idoglycan layer (Prescott et al., 2005). (10) The step which is very crucial in determining the outcome of Gram staining is the decolourisation with alcohol. The cell wall structure of Gram positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet iodine dye complex (CV-I complex) to be retained within the thick peptidoglycan layer when alcohol is added. On the contrary, the cell wall structure of Gram negative bacteria allows the CV-I complex to be removed from the peptidoglycan layer upon addition of alcohol. It is for the decolourization step that the Gram negative bacteria appear pink when counterstained with Safranin and Gram positive ones appear purple, otherwise CV-I complex would be present in both types of bacteria and both would be seen purple under the microscope. (11) Nonetheless every step in Gram staining is necessary to obtain the correct result. If any of the steps is eliminated, the results can change and are misleading. The table below shows the various outcomes when the steps in Gram staining are changed. Table 5 Results from altered steps in the Gram staining process: A B C D Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) Pink Pink Dark purple Dark purple Escherichia coli (Gram negative) Pink Pink Dark purple Colourless Bacillus cereus (Gram positive) Pink Pink Dark purple Dark purple When crystal violet wash is eliminated in step A, none of the cells will get the purple colour and thus all cells are stained pink when washed with Fuchsin. In step B, when the iodine wash is eliminated, the CV-I complex does not form and the crystal violet molecules are not large enough to be retained in the peptidoglycan. Thus they are washed off with the water and alcohol, for which even the Gram positive cells appear pink. In step C, with the elimination of alcohol wash, decolourization is not done, for which all cells, including the Gram negative one where the CV-I complex masks the pink colour, are stained purple (Willey et al., 2011). When Fuchsin wash is eliminated in step D, no change is brought on the Gram positive cells, but the Gram negative cells appear colourless, the reason being that after washing off the crystal violet with alcohol, no counterstain is added to the Gram negative cells (Willey et al., 2011). A limitation in this experiment is not performing the Gram stain when the species of bacteria were identified on the streak plate and again streaked on the nutrient agar plates. The bacterial species were of taken based on their colony morphology. However a Gram stain could have confirmed if the colonies comprised of the expected bacteria or not. CONCLUSION It was mandatory that aseptic techniques be followed when experimenting with microorganisms. Compared to spread plate and pour plate techniques, streak plate was found to be the most efficient and also the easiest way to isolate bacterial colonies. Pure cultures of three types of bacteria that were obtained included Staphylococcus aureus (rod-shaped and Gram positive), Bacillus cereus (cocci-shaped and Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (rod-shaped and Gram negative). Other than that, importance of heat fixing and Gram staining was understood. Gram staining proved to be a very good method for observing the bacterial cellular features and hence, differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were clarified. It was also understood that reaction of a bacterial cell to the Gram stain is determined by the decolourization step.

The Mistreatment of Women in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Mistreatment of Women in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston Society is suffering from a number of serious social problems related to women, and to the interaction between the two sexes. Male domination and patriarchy have been under challenge by feminists and the women's movement. The economic, social and political subjection of women around the world, the violence brought against women and their confinement has been brought to the forefront in recent years. Zora Neale Hurston's stories speak out against the uncivil and unjust treatment of women especially in their marriages. Hurston's stories reveal the disturbing situation for women about mistreatment abuse in the 1930s, when speaking out was unheard of. This was the time period for the setting of Hurston's stories, and her stories reflect violence against women that occurred during that era. "Zora Neale Hurston's works are brilliant glimpses into the mind of a woman who lived life for what it was, who wanted nothing more then to have"...a busy life, a just mind and timely death." "She lived as she wrote, to the fullest, she wasn't just a writer, but also an anthropologist who brought to the light the folklore, and culture of nations that before there had been little study of. She brought new, exciting views of the world through her poetic words, and is a shining example of what it is to be a woman. Intelligent, driven, and confidant" (Walker 8). At only thirteen years old Hurston was thrown out of her father's house because her stepmother didn't approve of her or her siblings. At an early age Huston knew about struggling and making a way for herself (Ford 7-9). In Zora Neale Hurston's autobiography she said, "There is something about poverty that smells like death. Dead dreams dropping off the heart like leaves in a dry season and rotting around the feet, impulses smothered too long in the fetid air of underground caves. The soul lived in a sickly air. People can be slave ships in shoes (Hurston 37). Hurston was mistreated as a child, and in her story "Drenched in Light" it reveals some of her background of child abandonment. She also focused on women's rights and fights in marriages.

It Was the Most Wonderful Day of My Life Essay

It was the most wonderful day of my life! Maybe it did not mean a great deal for others as it came naturally to them, but for me, it was a bliss. Yes, bliss; I had completely lost hope until Dr Hurree came in my life as a ray of light, enlightening my life and removing all the darkness which caused me to weep my heart out everyday. I am able to conceive! This very little fact made me dance a jig of joy even on the hospital stretcher. All thanks to Dr Hurree, I was able to become mother after ten long years of marriage. This very fact filled my ears with sweet cries of babies. I went mad of joy. And my husband, he was the second most happy. After several tests conducted by the doctor, we had discovered that I could not become expectant. As my husband was the only son of his parent, my mother-in-law used to taunt me as I could not bring an heir in their family, I had to beat these vulgar and hurting taunts until today. Today nobody could tell me anything. Some months later, I was nurturing a child in me. Being so happy, I forgot about the contract I signed before working; I did not have the right to take more than one months of holidays except emergencies. I badly needed holidays, but for that I had to pay the price of losing my job, my career, and my hard-works. As always , my husband supported me to decide what pleased me. But on the other hand, my in-laws beckoned me to resign. So what if I lose my job, at least I could bring to world my symbol of love of my husband and I. I would sacrifice my career , and my years of education to take good care of my child. Hence, I resigned. During the last three months of pregnancy, I stayed at home, obeying my mother-in-law. She now talked to me with undoubted love and softness ans I was treated like a daughter of this house. My husband, an angel sometimes stayed at home and cook my favorite dishes. I was really pampered. He treated me as a princess. All my desires and wishes were fulfilled and I was in a state of happiness every single second. One morning as I descended the flight of stairs after waving goodbye to my husband who was going to work, a thought crossed my mind. I thought of his laughter when he said that I look like a huge pumpkin. I remembered my first responses from my child. However, I did not realize that the maid mopped the floor and it was slippery. Day-dreaming, I missed one step and this was the end. I blacked-out. I opened my eyes in the hospital, and I knew what had happened. I could no longer feel the nudging sensations of my baby and I screamed hysterically. Now, my system had calmed down and I wept silently. It was all my fault. My husband was on his way. He was aware of the miscarriage. What was he going through? As I lay down on the hospital stretcher, I watched the television to divert my attention. I watched the news. There was an accident not far from here. The victim died on spot. As the camera focused on the victim’s face, I froze; it was my husband! I had lost my career, my baby and now my love! I felt lonely and defeated; I was just a burden to this world!

Airline Industry Essays

Airline Industry Essays Airline Industry Essay Airline Industry Essay Many people assume winging is a reasonably new enterprise. However. although the first few old ages of the twentieth century were a hazardous clip for winging. it did be. It wasn’t until 1925 that winging became more common. This began when the Air Mail Act took topographic point. which enabled the station maestro to contract with private airliners to present mail. developing the air hose industry. Shortly after. the Air Commerce Act gave the Secretary of Commerce power to set up air passages. certify aircraft. license pilots. and issue and implement air traffic ordinances ( Harris. neodymium ) . Within ten old ages many modern twenty-four hours airliners such as United and American had emerged as great participants in this up and approaching industry. In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act was established making the Civil Aeronautics Board. This board’s two most important maps were finding airlines’ paths of travel and regulation monetary values for rider menus ( Harris. neodymium ) . The Federal Aviation Administration was created in 1958 to director and regulates safety operations and in 1978 the epoch of unencumbered free market competition would eventually take topographic point due to the Airline Deregulation Act. Airliners have come a long manner. With particular adjustments such as first category. nutrient and drink available. and frequently times even radio or telecasting. Often times. it is easy to happen a trade for tickets such as bundles. Some illustrations would be round a turn trips. or package trades on hotel suites. inclusive nutrient. and the trip back place. The Airline Industry Business theoretical account can be easy broken down into five theoretical accounts. First. the purchaser and 2nd is supplier power in the industry. Airbus and Boeing dominate the jetliner market. so it makes it difficult for other providers to hold a batch of power in the industry. ( Airline Economics. p. 14. 2010 ) . Different types of Carriers are demanded in the industry. depending on what it is used for. So. a batch of providers find it easy to acquire into the industry thanks to the purchasers. Competition from low-priced bearers such as Southwest Airlines tends to beef up purchaser power in the air hoses market. where United Airlines. for illustration. has a Mileage Plus strategy ( Airlines economics . p. 14. 2010 ) . A new entrant is something really hard to carry through within the air hose industry. New entrants can do it difficult because. by and large. a batch of established air hoses keep a monopoly over slots at most airdromes ( Airline Economics . p. 14. 2010 ) . Fourth. a good illustration of the Availability of Substitutes can be said to be boats. trains. or coachs. However. in today’s economic system with the oil monetary values sometimes winging evilly high. it is the best manner to go. and it’s a batch more clip salvaging. The concluding force is Competitive Rivalry. Highly competitory industries by and large earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. With a batch of disbursals being high today. different companies need to publicize so they’re non blowing seats. It is of import to retrieve that basically air hoses are a service industry. Airlines execute a service for their clients – transporting them and their properties ( or their merchandises. in the instance of lading clients ) from one point to another for an in agreement monetary value ( Airlines Economics . 2012 ) . Airlines vary greatly. From a individual aircraft transporting mail or lading. to a full-service international air hose many people depend on air hose services. However. it seems that it is the Low Cost Carriers which continue to turn and convey in the crowds. Most of the rider gross ( about 80 per centum ) comes from domestic travel. while 20 per centum comes from travel to and from finishs in other states ( Airlines Economics . 2012 ) . However. it is the frequent circulars. or the people who take more the 10 trips a twelvemonth. who take up a important part of air travel. While they merely account for 8 % out of the entire figure of riders in a given twelvemonth. they make up 40 % of the trips. Competition in the air hoses industry is strong. due in portion to the sheer size of rivals and the troubles in go outing the industry ( Datamonitor. p. 14. 2011 ) . Because the industry merchandise is so minimum. high sensitiveness is indispensable when sing pricing. Therefore. competition increases the more low cost bearers are in the market ; these companies are capable of viing more intensely. Competition is besides intensified where storage costs are high. Storage cost in this industry is tantamount to unsold seats on a flight. similar to unsold stock list in a fabrication industry ( Datamonitor. p. 22. 2011 ) . A deficiency of diverseness in the riders increases the demand for participants to utilize their individual nucleus concern to vie with. Competition in the U. S. air hose industry is assessed strong ( Datamonitor. p. 23. 2011 ) . Some of the major competition in this peculiar industry would include AMR corporation. Southwest airlines. and United Continental Holdings. Since 1978. the air hose industry has seen more than 180 bankruptcies ( Alukos. p. 1. 2012 ) . Currently. US Airways Group Inc. has decided to spouse with AMR in the thick of their bankruptcies. In making this. their hope is to minimise the sum of employees being laid away and set more money into creditor’s pockets. American Airlines has been at a competitory disadvantage for many old ages ( Corridore. p. 2. 2012 ) . In the last twosome of months pilots retiring have taken its toll. with 240 in September and October 2011. The companies hard currency balances rapidly drained out due to many lump-sum payouts. Oil monetary values have besides taken its toll on air hoses. top outing at its all-time high at $ 147. 27 a barrel. Since so. the cost per barrel has receded traveling down 58 % from the record high. However. it is thought to be possible for oil monetary values to mount. one time once more. over $ 100 a barrel over the following twelvemonth. reflecting the position of Corr idore that the oild market has once more become more volatile ( Corridore. p. 3. 2012 ) . Mentions Airline economic sciences. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. avjobs. com/history/airline-economics. asp ( Airline economic sciences. 2012 ) Harris. A. ( n. d. ) . The history of air hose industry. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //traveltips. usatoday. com/history-airline-industry-100074. hypertext markup language Airlines Industry Profile: the United States. ( 2011 ) . Airlines Industry Profile: United States. 1-42. Corridore. J. ( 2012. June 28 ) . Standard A ; poors air hoses. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. netadvantage. standardandpoors. com. ezproxy. ohiodominican. edu/NASApp/NetAdvantage/showIndustrySurvey. make? loadIndSurFromMenu=html Alukos. B. ( 2012. August 22 ) . We believe southwest is doing the right determination by buy backing its ain equity. . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //library. morningstar. com. ezproxy. ohiodominican. edu/stock/stock-analyst-report? t=LUVÂ ®ion=USA A ; culture=en-US

10 High Paying Jobs For People That Really Hate Stress

10 High Paying Jobs For People That Really Hate Stress Nearly everybody needs to work. But sometimes we think that in order to make decent money, we have to work slavish hours, answer emails at any time of night, and sacrifice all semblance of a personal life. It’s called â€Å"work† for a reason, right? But what if that were not the case? It is possible to get a low-stress, fairly easy job that pays well. Most require some advanced education, but there are plenty out there that are attainable with only a bachelor’s degree and some finesse. Start planning for how you’ll land yours and stop stressing!Here are 10 of the best low-stress, high paying jobs.1. OrthodontistThis is definitely a career path for which you’ll have to get some serious schooling- at least four years of dental school and a year or two of residency training. But the average annual salary is over $196k and the stress is relatively low. Put in the work early on, and reap the benefits later!2. EconomistYou might think the economy is a st ressful thing, but the theory probably less so than the practice. You can get started in this field with just a bachelor’s degree, and the average pay is just over $100k per year.3. Video Game PlayerNo really, this is a job. You won’t get benefits, but you don’t need any special education, plus it’s fun. Test out new games and make around $50k while you’re at it.4. Power Plant OperatorPaging Homer Simpson. You might be horrified to find out that this job requires only a vocational degree. Though it really only involves the flipping of switches- and you get lots of training (and donuts) on the job. The average pay is around $73k per year.5. Massage TherapistIf you have strong hands and like to help people, then you could make around $51k per year massaging people. And in creating a de-stressing environment for them, you won’t be able to help but de-stress yourself. You only need a certificate to start.6. OptometristKind of along the same line s as orthodontist, this job is fairly stress-free as the medical profession goes. You’ll have to do some studying, and learn all there is to know about eyes, but you can make up to $125k per year.7. Personal TrainerLike to work out? Like to watch other people working out even more? Don’t mind spending your time in the gym? Get yourself certified, show up in your sweatpants, and start raking in the cash. The median annual salary for personal trainers is around $55k.8. ActuaryEver wonder who assesses financial costs of risk for companies? Get yourself a bachelor’s degree and pass a few certification exams, and it could be you. The stress is relatively low and you can make an average annual salary of over $107k.9. Art DirectorNot so great with the STEM fields? Have a good eye for visuals and a savvy for design? Then all you need is a bachelor’s degree and some experience to start helping different media look better put together. Average annual salary is well over $96k.10. StatisticianLove math? Make an average salary of over $83k per year for collecting and analyzing data and numbers in a variety of fields- just you and your nerdiness and peace and quiet. Only trouble is, you might need a graduate degree. But once you have it, you’ll have it made in the stress-free shade.

Women in Combat Arms essays

Women in Combat Arms essays Position Essay "Who Should Serve?" There are growing feelings in the United States that, as women are having more rights given to them that were previously restricted, women should be given everything that is offered to men. This is becoming very true in the military, where much sentiment is that women should be given the opportunity to serve in combat arms positions. Women are currently allowed to serve in combat support positions, such as military intelligence and air support positions, but they are not allowed to serve in positions such as infantry, armor, or field artillery. Many believe that it is time to open these positions to women soldiers and allow them to serve in the front lines of combat. Although women are currently allowed to serve in combat support positions in the military, women should not be able to serve in combat arms positions, because women do not have physical capacity to serve in these positions, would have trouble dealing with the emotional restraint involve d in war, and could cause a decline in the morale of their unit. Those that oppose my idea of continuing to bar women from combat positions feel that it is sexist and politically incorrect. Some feel that limiting women to support positions is insulting to women, and that it is damaging to the relationships between men and women in the military. Furthermore, many believe that women should be given an equal chance to prove themselves alongside men. These people point out that some women may be able to stand up to the rigors that are required in combat arms positions; therefore, these women should be given the opportunity to serve in the military in these positions. The opposition also points out that the military has become more driven toward teamwork, and that a woman who is capable of being committed to such a design would be able to serve in any position in the military if she willing. Some counterparts also point out that many men may also be emotionally...

Globalization and its effects on developing nations Essay

Globalization and its effects on developing nations - Essay Example Although, it has been a decade since they were granted freedom yet their problems remain the same as before. The previous oppression has had its lasting effects but a number of nations are struggling to overcome their problems and pave way for them in this new age of technology (Mohamad, 1996). Globalization is a process which provides opportunity to gain access to international markets and provides means to gain free trade. This in turn creates not only job opportunities but also boosts economy. The opportunities of free trade for developing countries prove to be beneficial as it increases the opportunity to make foreign currency as well as provides the means of creating export markets on international scale. Globalization also makes it possible for the developing countries to acquire the latest and advanced technology. This latest technology helps to improve every sector including educational as well as industrial. Globalization also makes the developing nations to raise the standards of their products to meet international standards. However, there are many negative aspects to globalization which affects the developing nations mainly. First is the issue of unequal flow of money between developed and developing countries. A report of IMF showed that the income of developed and rich countries have increased six times between 1900 and 2000 as compared to the poor nations or developing countries whose income only improved by 3% during the same period (essa, 2003). Globalization also causes decrease in labor for developing countries as more and more people shift to developed countries in order to gain better opportunities of employment. Developing nations are under heavy debts due to the loans they are obtaining for severe conditioned in order to meet the challenges of globalization. Another factor is of so called democratic freedom for every nation in a globalized world. Yet the developing

The Moral Problem Of The Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Moral Problem Of The Death Penalty - Essay Example America has done x amount of damage and must pay Canada for that. There are several problems with this, however. For one thing, the environmental damage will affect people who will never get money from the restitution. Furthermore, environmental degradation can be long term in a way that neither Canada nor the US could predict, so it is possible that any payment that the United States makes would be insufficient. There are several other options, however. Canada has an abundance of hydropower, which is how it can operate more greenly than America. Canada could agree to sell hydroelectricity to American municipalities close to the border, reducing their need for coal. But probably the best solution would be for America to agree to a plan to move away from coal power, avoiding the environmental degradation entirely, while possibly making economic restitution for damage already done.3. The line of thinking that â€Å"If you’re not doing anything wrong, you don’t have anyth ing to worry about† in terms of surveillance is patently ludicrous. There are a wide variety of things that may not be morally or ethically wrong but should not be public knowledge. If, for instance, a high school teacher happens to be a gigantic fan of Justin Bieber, have many of his decorations and listen to his music all the time, this is far from morally wrong. But it is also possible that his high-school teacher’s life would be more difficult if his students found out about his love for Bieber.... But it is also possible that his high-school teacher’s life would be more difficult if his students found out about his love for Bieber. Furthermore, it is not wrong or right to practice any particular religion or align one’s self with any particular political party, but one could face challenges in their personal or professional life because of widespread knowledge of this. 4. The boss is fundamentally assuming that his or her employees are doing things they shouldn’t be at work, and refusing to trust them. This monitoring should usually not be justified and is usually not a good management tool. For one thing, as long as an employee is meeting their job expectations then what else they do at work should not be at issue – if, as an employer, you have a problem with someone’s performance than you address it, as a performance problem, and if there is no problem with their performance you have no reason to have to monitor confidential information. Thi s could even lead to decreased productivity – for some people surfing the internet to give their brain a break might be an important part of what they do, and interfering in that could make them less productive. 5. This is a very interesting question. Seat belt laws from adults are very different than seatbelt laws for infants, because infants are not able to make these decisions for themselves, and society has decided that there are a lot of ways that they need to be protected, even from their parents (for instance you can’t give an infant poison they might eat either). In the case of an adult though, you could say that the adult taking those kinds of risks provides problems for the rest of society (for instance tying up

Ethics and Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and Governance - Case Study Example The cause for Friedman’s statement is probably due to the birth of ‘Ethical business’, this is where companies will demonstrate a social conscience, possibly to gain support from consumers who buy their products, but will cut the profits of the shareholders in a company. Freidman also assumes that there is a link between the birth of ‘Ethical business’ and the growth of left-wing academia, particularly in the United States, although I am not convinced of the relation between the two and that one affects the other. However, Friedman believes that it is these academics that are making the businessmen act like â€Å"unwitting puppets† who are â€Å"preach ­ing pure and unadulterated socialism†. Still, I believe that Friedman is putting across his biased political views with this statement, where he thinks that anything relating to socialism is automatically bad so he does not really back up this quote. I also disagree with Friedman in tha t he believes that the â€Å"intellectual forces† really have that much influence on businessmen to make them â€Å"unwitting puppets†. The factor which would make businessmen turn to a more ethical approach could be down to a rapidly expanding interest in business ethics and the rise of the middle-class looking to ‘clear their conscience’ by buying ethically. 2. Friedman (1970) discusses whether corporations can have a â€Å"social responsibility† or whether having responsibilities is a uniquely human trait. Friedman argues, reasonably convincingly, that a company cannot have the responsibility since it is â€Å"artificial†. We can see this in his article when he says â€Å"Only people can have responsibilities. A corporation is an artificial person and in this sense may have artificial responsibilities†. This would lead him to the conclusion that corporations have no moral obligation to be ethical since they are not moral beings and that the only responsibilities of a company â€Å"is to increase its profits†.

Collaborative Editing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collaborative Editing - Essay Example The paragraph tends to get too wordy and as a reader I found myself getting lost. There were also a few grammar errors in this segment such as verb tense, comma placement, and sentence structure. The closing was a little too editorial and did not leave much room for the reader of the review to make their own decision on the political slant of the film. Also, stating the message of Orwell so plainly might take out all the enjoyment it can have as a children's film. The review of Jane Austen's "Emma" was well written and very interesting to read. The writer of the essay caught Austen's sentiments about life and conflict with some depth of understanding. The structure was easy to read and contained few, if any, grammatical errors. However, after I read it, I still was not sure it related the story of "Emma" as Austen may have intended it. Aside from the brief, and eloquent, overall description of the book as "a more common, frequent, and laughable mockery", there is little else told to the reader to help them understand the feeling of the story. A descriptive quote would have aided the reader to get a sense of the character. The review could also have benefited from an example of how Austen challenges the reader with her complex storytelling technique. The last paragraph sums up the writer's thesis of "Emma" very clearly.

Wireless and the new Technology Annotated Bibliography

Wireless and the new Technology - Annotated Bibliography Example Results were determined comparatively through pre- and post-tests. Based on the gathered data, the results of the examinations with the ARS is similar to the conventional form of learning but based on surveys that explored the students’ opinions, ARS is more stimulating to learning. In the study, Islam and Doyle focused on the advantages brought about by the use of wireless technology specifically the mobile SMS in the communication among the developing countries, specifically one of the poorest countries which is Bangladesh. The said advantages include health services, e-commerce, data gathering for different studies and distance education. The results of the article contributed in the determination that the applications of wireless technology are not limited in the urban areas and in developed nations. Barnes, L. J. (2008). Lecture-Free High School Biology Using an Audience Response System. American Biology Teacher, 70(9), 531-536. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.ulib.iupui.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=35840820&site=ehost-live Blackbourn, J. M., Fillingim, J. G., McCelland, S., Elrod, G. F., Medley, M. B., Kritsonis, M. A., Ray, J. (2008). The Use of Wireless Technology to Augment Problem-Based Learning in Special Education Preservice Teacher Training. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(2), 169-176. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.ulib.iupui.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=33405330&site=ehost-live Islam, Y. M. and Doyle, K. O. (2008). Distance Education via SMS Technology in Rural Bangladesh. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 87-96. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from

Use of neologisms in legal translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Use of neologisms in legal translation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the difficulties in legal translation from one original term to another in consideration of â€Å"cultural asymmetry† between different legal systems of which one country or group of nations’ legal concepts as well as courtroom procedures have been formed by their own history and experience. Likewise, these established legal concepts are not always, if at all, shared by other countries or nations and states of which target language for translation may be necessary. Once specific observation was that of Stern where there are acknowledgment and accommodation of other cultures in the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) but these â€Å"other cultures† were not able to experience equal status with the Anglo-Saxon legal and communicative culture dominating the Tribunal. While it is generally understood that legal language is accepted by the precision of its legal terms predominantly generic and c onnotative so that they are not decoded by a simple process of one-to-one relationship in linguistics, Newmark and Baker also pointed out that the relative accuracy of legal or lexical equivalent was problematic in the translation and interpretation process. Local courts may employ the essential capabilities of legal professionals and the judiciary, but there are growing occurrences and instances that foreign as well as internationally accepted laws are a necessity in order to provide legal solutions to local cases, and vice versa. The quality of interpretation, then, as well as the exigency of justice becomes dependent on the interpreter, or how legal translation is undergone, presented and used. This paper will try to explore the use of neologism in legal translation with close reference to Rene de Groot's article "Title" and (year, PLEASE SUPPLY, ALSO UNDER REFERENCE) as well as to other available resources. Discussion: Whereas Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure argued that "Language is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term results solely from the simultaneous presence of the others ... Content is really fixed only by the concurrence of everything that exists outside it. Being part of a system, it is endowed not only with a signification but also and especially with a value," (qtd. Noth, 1990, p 61), we are then presented with technical connection of words between and amongst themselves which altogether changes when used with other words. This alone as well as cultural differences provide a difficulty in the manner of translating legal terms which this paper explores. Already, in a study conducted by Stern (2004), it was acknowledged that the lack of exact legal equivalents between languages, in this context English and French or Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (BCS), was an obstacle and a very difficult aspect of translation. Given examples "for everyday terms and concepts, such as allegations, cross-examination, pre-trial, to plead guilty/not guilty, beyond any reasonable doubt or balance of probability (and) cognates such as appeal, charges, objection," (Stern, 2004) proved to have different significance in the target language/s and presented discrepancies in the translation of official legal documents, as well as judgments. Weston (1983 p 207), himself pointed out that, "It is no business of the translator's to create a new word or expression if the SL [source language] expression can be adequately and conveniently translated by using one of the foregoing methods" of which methods were enumerated as: 1. equivalent notions 2. literal translations 3. leaving the term un-translated. De Groot, nevertheless, presented three solutions as: 1. Do not translate and use the target language the original or transcribed term from the source language. If necessary one explains the notion between brackets or in a foot-note by using a 'literal translation' or by using a remark as 'comparable with

Collaborative Editing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collaborative Editing - Essay Example The paragraph tends to get too wordy and as a reader I found myself getting lost. There were also a few grammar errors in this segment such as verb tense, comma placement, and sentence structure. The closing was a little too editorial and did not leave much room for the reader of the review to make their own decision on the political slant of the film. Also, stating the message of Orwell so plainly might take out all the enjoyment it can have as a children's film. The review of Jane Austen's "Emma" was well written and very interesting to read. The writer of the essay caught Austen's sentiments about life and conflict with some depth of understanding. The structure was easy to read and contained few, if any, grammatical errors. However, after I read it, I still was not sure it related the story of "Emma" as Austen may have intended it. Aside from the brief, and eloquent, overall description of the book as "a more common, frequent, and laughable mockery", there is little else told to the reader to help them understand the feeling of the story. A descriptive quote would have aided the reader to get a sense of the character. The review could also have benefited from an example of how Austen challenges the reader with her complex storytelling technique. The last paragraph sums up the writer's thesis of "Emma" very clearly.

Use of neologisms in legal translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Use of neologisms in legal translation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the difficulties in legal translation from one original term to another in consideration of â€Å"cultural asymmetry† between different legal systems of which one country or group of nations’ legal concepts as well as courtroom procedures have been formed by their own history and experience. Likewise, these established legal concepts are not always, if at all, shared by other countries or nations and states of which target language for translation may be necessary. Once specific observation was that of Stern where there are acknowledgment and accommodation of other cultures in the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) but these â€Å"other cultures† were not able to experience equal status with the Anglo-Saxon legal and communicative culture dominating the Tribunal. While it is generally understood that legal language is accepted by the precision of its legal terms predominantly generic and c onnotative so that they are not decoded by a simple process of one-to-one relationship in linguistics, Newmark and Baker also pointed out that the relative accuracy of legal or lexical equivalent was problematic in the translation and interpretation process. Local courts may employ the essential capabilities of legal professionals and the judiciary, but there are growing occurrences and instances that foreign as well as internationally accepted laws are a necessity in order to provide legal solutions to local cases, and vice versa. The quality of interpretation, then, as well as the exigency of justice becomes dependent on the interpreter, or how legal translation is undergone, presented and used. This paper will try to explore the use of neologism in legal translation with close reference to Rene de Groot's article "Title" and (year, PLEASE SUPPLY, ALSO UNDER REFERENCE) as well as to other available resources. Discussion: Whereas Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure argued that "Language is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term results solely from the simultaneous presence of the others ... Content is really fixed only by the concurrence of everything that exists outside it. Being part of a system, it is endowed not only with a signification but also and especially with a value," (qtd. Noth, 1990, p 61), we are then presented with technical connection of words between and amongst themselves which altogether changes when used with other words. This alone as well as cultural differences provide a difficulty in the manner of translating legal terms which this paper explores. Already, in a study conducted by Stern (2004), it was acknowledged that the lack of exact legal equivalents between languages, in this context English and French or Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (BCS), was an obstacle and a very difficult aspect of translation. Given examples "for everyday terms and concepts, such as allegations, cross-examination, pre-trial, to plead guilty/not guilty, beyond any reasonable doubt or balance of probability (and) cognates such as appeal, charges, objection," (Stern, 2004) proved to have different significance in the target language/s and presented discrepancies in the translation of official legal documents, as well as judgments. Weston (1983 p 207), himself pointed out that, "It is no business of the translator's to create a new word or expression if the SL [source language] expression can be adequately and conveniently translated by using one of the foregoing methods" of which methods were enumerated as: 1. equivalent notions 2. literal translations 3. leaving the term un-translated. De Groot, nevertheless, presented three solutions as: 1. Do not translate and use the target language the original or transcribed term from the source language. If necessary one explains the notion between brackets or in a foot-note by using a 'literal translation' or by using a remark as 'comparable with

At Kearney Luxury Report Essay Example for Free

At Kearney Luxury Report Essay October 2010 Confederation of Indian Industry The Mantosh Sondhi Centre 23, Institutional Area Lodi Road New Delhi – 110003 India Tel: + 91 11 24629994-7 Fax: + 91 11 24626149 Contact: Amita Sarkar, Senior Director (amita. [emailprotected] in) Jaya Gupta, Deputy Director (jaya. [emailprotected] in) A. T. Kearney Limited 1st Floor, Future Capital House Peninsula Corporate Park Ganpatrao Kadam Marg Lower Parel (W) Mumbai 400 013. India Tel:+91-22 4097 0700 Fax:+91-22 4097 0725 Contact: Neelesh Hundekari, Principal (neelesh. [emailprotected]); Hemant Kalbag, Vice-President (hemant. [emailprotected] com); Pameela Pattabiraman, Manager (pameela. [emailprotected] com) Subhendu Roy, Manager (subhendu. [emailprotected] com) This report has been jointly produced by Confederation of Indian Industry and A. T. Kearney Limited, the contents of which are meant only for information purpose of the reader. Readers are advised to conduct their own investigation and analysis of any information contained in this report, and not rely on the information contained in this report for any purpose. Neither Confederation of Indian Industry, nor A. T. Kearney make any representation regarding the accuracy or completeness of such information and expressly disclaim any or all liabilities based on such information or any omission thereof. No part of this report may be reproduced or distributed without the prior written consent of Confederation of Indian Industry and A. T. Kearney Limited. Copyright: CONFEDERATION OF INDIAN INDUSTRY. 2010, and A. T. KEARNEY, INC. 2010 iv FOREWORD The Luxury industry in India is no longer a new comer. Like many other industries in India, it is of great interest to both international and Indian players. International brands see India as an emerging luxury market which could become a significant part of their portfolio tomorrow. Indian companies also see the growth at the top end of the market as an opportunity to introduce premium offerings. This enthusiasm was reflected in the first moves of several iconic international brands in the last 5-7 years. Indian companies have also seen the opportunity and a handful of players are now very active in the space. Apart from luxury products such as watches, apparel, accessories, large Indian five star hotel chains, fine dining and spas, apart from luxurious houses, the latest luxury cars and yachts have expanded the definition of luxury. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and A. T. Kearney have been active players in the luxury space. CII through its National Committee on Retail has played an active role in trying to create an industry forum for players in the luxury industry. CII brought the industry together to help organize the industry and create a forum for dealing with issues of common interest. A. T. Kearney, apart from serving clients in the luxury industry has also contributed to providing a robust fact base and perspectives on realizing the potential of the industry through their first study in 2007 (The Economic Times A. T. Kearney India Luxury Review 2007). Just when the industry was showing signs of coming of age in 2007, from the third quarter of 2008, the global recession dampened the hopes of the industry. The industry suffered internationally, and that acted as a brake on the emotional euphoria for a good 9-12months in India as well. Several players used that time to consolidate their position, right size their business, restructure real estate deals and become fitter. A few others suffered. Now with positive signs in the Indian economy, optimism about the industry is on the rise, as demonstrated by heightened market activity and consumer spending. However, key issues such as a relatively new market, duties, access to quality real estate etc continue to pose a challenge to exponential profitable growth. A few key questions keep bothering CEOs in the sector: How to make the luxury business a successful proposition in India? How big is the market really? When will the market be fully ripe? What operating models work and do they need to be customized for India? Given this backdrop, CII and A. T. Kearney decided to team up and take stock of the industry and address key questions that current players, potential entrants and other stakeholders have about the industry. Our desire was to study and understand the major changes in the industry in the last 3-4 years and the implications of these for the future of the industry.. With this end in mind, over the last three months, we conducted an exhaustive and comprehensive research of the industry. The A. T. Kearney team collated and analysed large amounts of data, interviewed several industry leaders and luxury consumers to develop all round insights on the industry. The report establishes the growth trajectory for the industry over the last three years, takes stock of the opportunities and the potential as well as the continuing challenges that it faces and estimates the likely potential over the next 5 years and recommends actions for industry players to undertake. We believe that this report will serve as an important step in the industry’s v journey of growth. It clearly confirms that the hope in the potential of the Indian luxury industry is not misplaced, that there is still a huge latent demand in the market and that India will be an important market and player on the global luxury platform. While the hope in the potential remains undaunted even after the recession, infrastructural and regulatory issues continue to impede the development. Like in all other sectors, though we are confident that the Indian industry will discover a uniquely Indian way of converting them into opportunities. We are grateful to all the industry leaders and consumers who spent time with us in sharing their perspectives and validating our hypotheses. We hope this study will act as a milestone in the evolution of the Indian luxury industry and will take the collective understanding of the industry a few steps forward. Confederation of Indian Industry A. T. Kearney vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the last two decades, post liberalization in the 90s, the new maharajahs of business have created some serious wealth in India. This new found prosperity has attracted luxury brands that were looking for new engines for growth to make up for slow growth in their traditional markets. While most industries are now coasting along smoothly, the small and emerging luxury industry players have not stopped reflecting on the past to ask some fundamental questions about the market. This report attempts to answer these questions through a wide and deep coverage of all segments of the luxury market in India. To get the most credible answers, we adopted a robust methodology with a large element of primary interviews and extensive data collection. We collated data from a variety of sources to size the market and understand the growth rates over the last few years. Indian Luxury Consumer passport to the elite segment of the society and conspicuous consumption is their way of announcing it to the society. The children are the bigger spenders, having been educated abroad and hence familiar with brands and the luxury way of living. Traditionally wealthy families/large industrialists: This group comprises two sub-segments the first is the traditionally wealthy families who have been consuming luxury for several decades and go for the finer things in life. The other sub segment comprises the promoters of some very large businesses which have come up in the last two decades and have created a disproportionate amount of wealth very quickly. Corporate executives: Senior executives of corporate India who are paid in excess of INR 1 crore (USD 225,000) and bankers who earn big bonuses epitomize this category. These executives are well traveled and are aware of brands. Most of this segment consists of people who are in their mid-late forties and represent some of the brightest minds in the country. Many of them though have come from middle class backgrounds and hence have a conservative approach on conspicuous spending. Other segments include self employed professionals, young professionals, expatriates, politicians and bureaucrats. A correlation between the size of the luxury market, the GDP/capita, number of HNIs and HNI wealth over the years 2004-2009 shows that in terms of importance the number of high net worth individuals is the most important driver. Interviews with leading luxury brands in India point to the fact that family wealth is a stronger determinant of spending than household income. The masstige phenomenon can also be observed very clearly in India. Luxury products in India are appealing to, and purchased by, middle-class consumers that do not fit the typical profile of an elite consumer segment. While Indian consumers talk about exclusivity, uniqueness and appeal to personal taste, the majority of the market is still far away from this and brand/logo/badge value drive luxury purchases very clearly. That said, traditional attributes such as high quality, heritage, longevity, the â€Å"stories† associated with brands are beginning to emerge as drivers of purchase. The mindset is still that of an â€Å"aspirer† not that of a â€Å"connoisseur†. The Indian luxury consumer is young 30-45 years old. While the average Indian luxury customer values High Quality, Exclusivity and Social Appeal as key drivers of luxury purchase, they are also very Price Conscious and often straddled with a â€Å"middle-class mindset†. The segments are composed primarily of: Medium size enterprise owners: This is the largest segment in terms of number these are typically the medium enterprise owners industrialists and traders who run businesses with revenues upwards of 50 cr. Their wealth is their vii The distribution of the rupee millionaires is a good indicator of the luxury consumer distribution in the country. While Delhi and Mumbai continue to be the mainstay markets for luxury consumption, there are several other cities with a large base of potential luxury consumers. We believe in the next 57 years, at least 5-7 new towns will get added on the luxury map of India. We also believe that the potential in Delhi and Mumbai has not been fully exploited and that there exists a few more micro markets within these cities that need to be tapped. Luxury Market 2007-2009 watches and jewellery as well wines, spirits and high-end electronics. This market has been estimated to be USD 1. 5 billion in 2009. Most luxury product categories have witnessed over 15% growth over the past 2 years performance of categories like Electronics, Wines and Spirits, Apparel and Jewellery has been exceptionally strong. The Indian luxury services market was severely hit by the recession over the past 2 years. Nonetheless, the India Luxury Services industry is considered to be one of the best in the world. Consumer interviews revealed that consumers prefer Indian hotel chains like the Taj, Oberoi or ITC even when International chains like the Hyatt, Hilton or Four Seasons have entered the country. The current Indian luxury assets market is estimated at USD 2. 45 billion. The growth of the Luxury Assets market is driven mainly by the phenomenal growth of the Real Estate and Automobile sectors. Latent Demand and Future Potential Our endeavor in this study has been to provide robust data on the size and growth of the Indian luxury market for stakeholders to consider, debate and if it makes sense to base their decisions upon. For sizing the market, Product, Price and (where possible brand also) filters are applied to isolate the luxury from the non-luxury in all segments. We err on the side of conservatism i. e.only pure luxury is included. Based on a category wise build-up, the size of the Indian luxury industry in 2009 is estimated at USD 4. 76 billion (at retail prices). This includes all luxury products, luxury services and luxury assets sold in India. The total luxury market has grown at a CAGR of 13% between 2007-09, with luxury products growing at 22%, services degrowing at 5% and assets growing at 18%. Luxury market in India The Indian luxury market is still very small compared to global standards. While India has one of the highest GDPs in the world, its luxury consumption, in absolute terms, is still very small. We believe that there exists a large latent demand in India, constrained by both demand side and supply side factors. On the demand side, there are several potential consumers in India who either do not buy luxury at all or do not buy enough of it from the local market. As we had mentioned, Rupee millionaires with incomes between INR 10-30 lakhs do not really spend on luxury. On the other side, supply of most luxury products in India is present is mostly present Mumbai, Delhi or Bangalore. However, wealth creation in the country is now no longer limited to these cities. It is taking place at a rapid rate in Tier I and Tier II cities like Ahmedabad, Pune and Hyderabad. The current market size for luxury products in the country is around USD 1. 5 billion. A regression based on India’s GDP per capita and Number of HNIs, indicates that the size of the Indian luxury products market should have been around USD 3-3. 5 billion. This implies that there is a latent demand of almost USD 1. 5-2 billion. As percentage of the current market size, India’s latent demand is estimated at 120-150% while for China it is estimated at only 10-15%. We have estimated the expected growth in the luxury goods market using a number of methods. Regression of the mar- Source: A. T. Kearney research and analysis The most visible segment of the luxury industry is the luxury products segment. This includes the most visible fashion luxury segments such as apparel, accessories, personal care, viii Country comparison based on GDP and # of HNIs 1. 2. 3. Source: Altagamma, A. T. Kearney research and analysis, Merrill Lynch Capgemini world wealth reports ket size for luxury products against the number of HNIs results in a growth estimate of 18%. Based on numerous interviews with luxury company CEOs, executives and industry experts as well as secondary research, a bottom-up build up of category wise growth rates leads to an average of 21%. Given this and considering the huge latent demand, we believe that India’s overall Luxury Market will grow 21% to become almost 3 times its current size by 2015. Projected growth of luxury market in India 4. Difficulty in reaching the target consumer: The scattered nature of the target population and absence of critical mass in India is a big concern for the industry. While luxury magazines have increased in maturity and volumes, they still reach only a small fraction of the existing consumers and a much smaller fraction of new consumers. Cost of reach is high, results uncertain and word of mouth continues to be best method to create a â€Å"buzz†. Consumer reservations about luxury purchases: India is faced with a low luxury penetration, with most of the rupee millionaires with income between INR 1030 lakh segment having the capacity but not the propensity to spend on luxury goods and services. Furthermore, there are reservations against buying lesser known brands as well as shopping in India. Infrastructure and regulatory constraints: Companies have to struggle with lack of credible real estate options, underdeveloped back end infrastructure like warehouses and logistics as well as regulatory restrictions on FDI and high import duties. Lack of talent: Absence of skilled manpower has hindered luxury players from being able to provide the same customer service experience as that in international locations. However, there are several ideas that could be used to address these challenges. To convert potential customers, who have the financial wherewithal, to luxury consumers, players should look at micro-segmentation of the population to identify specific â€Å"high potential† professions. Once identified, focused communication would be needed to reach out to them and convince them of the offering. Players also need to look at effective media vehicles to reach their target consumers. Consumer perceptions and reservations about shopping for luxury goods in India can be addressed by breaking the myth, getting high recall brands and bringing in â€Å"ladder brands†. To address the infrastructure and regulatory challenges, players can use smaller retail formats to increase store densities far above the global benchmarks in order to drive higher sales productivity. A multi-brand environment would also help players attract a critical mass of consumers and also lower the burden on each brand in terms of operating costs. Other options include mini high streets, collaborative efforts with competition for both retail and supply chain and airport retailing. Indian companies can capitalize on the regulatory. Source: A. T. Kearney research and analysis Luxury Industry Challenges Fundamentally there are four key challenges that any luxury player faces in India. ix restrictions imposed by the Indian government to enhance their presence in the market. The resource crunch needs to be addressed through the creation of a parallel education ecosystem similar to what has happened in the IT, ITES, airlines and fashion industry. Critical Success Factors There is no instant formula for success in the Indian luxury market. Everything about our country is different the consumer, the challenges and also opportunities for luxury players. The Indian consumer is in a state of flux evolving rapidly, but perhaps along a path that is inherently different from that taken by other developing economies. Several luxury players have managed to seize opportunities in the market early. We believe that the critical factors for success in this market include exploring formats that enable players to attract footfalls; getting the pricing right to encourage Indians to purchase locally; Providing a world class experience e.g. ambience and service; bringing in iconic brands as Indians still buy luxury products for brand value and not to make a fashion statement; getting the cost structure right by ensuring the cost base is justified by the sales realized; getting access to local expertise to get the best real estate deals; experimenting with new formats such as a luxury discounter (liquidation channel) that can help open the market by getting consumers exposed to last year’s collections at attractive prices and help them move up the ladder. While we believe there is a clear opportunity to make an impact in this market, a systematic, smart and careful approach is what will differentiate the winners from the losers in the long run. x.

Experiment to Learn the Amount of Iron in Iron Tablets

Experiment to Learn the Amount of Iron in Iron Tablets GABRIELA CARUSO KANDIR 1.1 What is Topic area you are investigating in to: Prepare and standardize a potassium permanganate solution and use it to determine the amount of iron (II) in iron tablets What is your title: Analyze the actual amount of iron (II) present in a tablet of iron supplement What is your Aim: Demonstrate if iron supplements have the adequate levels of iron (II) by studying if the claims in supplement bottles are correct or not. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 Objectives: Measure the amount of iron (II) in supplement tablets through performing a redox titration reaction 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 Extraneous variables (contaminants): Permanganate solutions tend to decompose with time, causing a change in concentration. To overcome this variable it is important to standardizing the KMnO4 solution. Sulfuric acid should always be in excess to avoid insoluble brown manganese oxide (MNO2) formation. Introduction and/or rationale: Iron is a mineral that is naturally present in many foods, added to some food products and available as a dietary supplement. Ion is an essential component of hemoglobin, an erythrocyte protein that transfers oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. As a component of myoglobin, it provides oxygen to muscles. Iron also supports the metabolism and is necessary for growth, development, normal cellular functioning, and synthesis of some hormones and connective tissues. In case of iron deficiency the human body cannot make enough healthy oxygen carrying red blood cells (erythrocyte), and a lack of those cells is called iron deficiency anemia. Without healthy red blood cells it is not possible to transport enough oxygen through the body, and without oxygen there is fatigue. Exhaustion can affect everything, from brain function to the ability of the immune system to fight infectious. The daily requirements for iron depends o age, gender and overall health. Starting at adolescence, a woman’s daily iron needs increases. Women need more iron because they lose blood each month during their period. That is why the NHS advices women from ages 19 to 50 to get 14.8 mg of iron each day, while men the same age need to ingest only 8 mg. For the same age group the United States department of health and the Heart and stroke foundation in Canada recommends a even higher daily intake of 18 mg of iron per day. Most women will ingest their daily iron needs through their normal meat and vegetables diet. Some groups, such as vegetarians, pregnant women, or those with higher blood loss (blood donations, heavy menstrual periods, stomach or intestine conditions among other examples) may need iron tablets supplementation on top of their regular diet. This is due either because of a decrease in ion intake (diet) or absorption or there is an increase in the iron needs (such as pregnancy or breast feeding for example). An iron deficiency and consequent anemia will lead to signs of short of breath, fast heartbeat, cold hands and feet, craving for strange substances such as dirt or clay, hair loss, sores at the corner of the mouth and sore tongue. As mentioned before, in some cases of iron deficiency eating a diet that is high in iron-rich foods such as fortified cereals, read meat, dried fruit and beans may not be enough to give the required needs, in this case a doctor may recommend iron supplement, but unlike some supplements, when the subject is iron, more is definitely not better. Adults shouldn’t take any more than 45 mg of iron a day unless they are being treated with iron under close medical supervision. 2.4 Analysis of source material: Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are one of many chemical reactions. Redox usually involves the transfer of electrons. Titration is the volumetric measurements of a solution of know concentration when it reacts completely with a measured volume or mass of another substance. The analysis of present iron in a supplement tablet can be done by a redox titration reaction. Iron (II) ions can be ionized to ion (III) ions by potassium permanganate in acidic solution. For the redox titration reaction one of the most commonly strong oxidizing agent is used, the potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Iron (II) will be oxidized to iron (III) and the potassium permanganate will be reduced to Manganese. MnO4+8H++5Fe2+à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Mn2+4H2O+5Fe3+ As the Potassium permanganate doesn’t require an indicator to signal the end-point of the titration, it has a unique advantage among titrants. In an acidic condition the deep purple solution of manganite ions is reduced to a very pale pink solution of manganese ions. This solution is so pale as to appear colorless when dilute and, in practice, the marked difference in color between these two oxidation states is useful as an end-point for this redox reaction. The manganite ion accepts electrons and is reduced to colorless Mn 2+ ions according to the following half-equation: The potassium manganite solution is added from the burette to the solution of the reducing agent and is immediately decolorized. As soon as the reducing agent is used up, the next drop of potassium manganite solution is not decolorized therefore coloring the solution as a pale purple color. The end-point is the first appearance of this purple color. The acid used to provide H+ is dilute sulfuric acid. Risk assessment: Name of the Chemical Risk incurred How to reduce the severity of the risk Disposal/Spillage KMnO4 Not Hazardous Not Hazardous Not Hazardous 3M H2SO4 Risk 4 for irritating eyes and skin. Casing severe burns to eye, skin and body tissues. If well handled the risk is low. Wear Safety Glasses Keep out of reach of Children, Keep container in a ventilated place In case of contacted with skin or eyes, rinse immediately with water and seek medical advice If ingested wash out month, apply artificial respiration if needed, seek medical help Avoid contact of the acid with water. As any strong acid it may explode and or produce corrosive fumes in (fast) contact with water Wash down the sink with a large amount of water In case of Spillage, liquid can be absorbed using sand adsorbent. This should be transferred to a suitable container and disposed as contaminated waste Iron Supplement tablets Not Hazardous Not Hazardous Not Hazardous 2.1 List the equipment and chemicals/reagents you would use to undertake your experiment: Potassium Permanganate Burette and Clamp with white numbering Iron sample (Iron supplement tablets- 3 different samples) Appropriate glassware 3M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Magnetic stirrer 3 100- 150 mL beakers 2.1 How you would carry out the experiment including the use of equipment and what chemicals/reagents you would use? preparation of the Iron tablet sample: Clear three 100-150 mL beakers with soap and water. Rinse with several small portions of distilled water Directly into each beaker, weigh approximately 0.5 grams of iron sample. Add 15 mL of distilled water to each sample and stir to dissolve the solid Add 8mL of 3M sulfuric acid, to each sample. This step is needed to provide the hydrogen ions, which are required for the reduction of the permanganate ion. Titration of the Iron sample Potassium Permanganate: Obtain approximately 55 mL of the standardized potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4), and record the exact concentration of the KMnO4 solution. Prepare the buret by cleaning, rinsing and filling with potassium permanganate solution. Record the initial volume reading to the nearest 0.01 mL Titrate each sample to the endpoint (first appearance of permanent- at leat 10 seconds-, pale pink color). Record the final buret reading The mass of iron in each sample can be determined from the volume of KMnO4 required to titrate. This is possible through determining the moles of KMnO4 used, and a balanced equation. 2.1 How will you collect and record the data: data will be collected from the 3 samples in a table with the initial and final volume of titrate. A note on the exact concentration of the KMnO4 solution will also be present in the results sheet. 2.1 How will you Analyze results: The mass present in each sample will be determine through the calculation of the concentration of a reagent from the titration results. Results will be compared with the claims from supplement bottles to verify if the amounts are similar or the claims are incorrect. 2.1 How will you present your data?: Data will be presented with tables showing the amount of iron (II) in the three samples followed by a comparing graph of the quantities found in the tests with the claims in the iron supplement bottles. References: Reference List: Heart and Stroke Foundation (2015) Nutrients for women [Online] Available from: http://www.healthcheck.org/page/nutrients-women>  (Accessed on 22 April 2015) NHS (2015) Vitamins and Minerals- Iron [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/vitamins-minerals/Pages/Iron.aspx  (Accessed on 22 April 2015) Centers for disease control and prevention (2011) Iron and iron deficiency [Online] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/vitamins/iron.html  (Accessed on 22 April 2015) Webmed (2011) What You Need to Know About Iron Supplements [Online] Available from: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/iron-supplements?page=3  (Accessed on 22 April 2015) National Institute of Health (2015) Iron [Online] Available from: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/#h2  (Accessed on 22 April 2015) AQA (2009) 2 Inorganic Chemistry PSA10 Carry out a redox titration [Online] Available from: http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/subjects/AQA-2420-W-TRB-PSA10.PDF  (Accessed on 23 April 2015) A-level Chemistry web (2015) Redox titration [Online] Available from: http://alevelchem.com/aqa_a_level_chemistry/unit3.6/inorg01.htm  (Accessed on 23 April 2015) Collin College (2010) Determination of Iron in Dietary Supplement through Redox Titrations [Online] Available from: http://www.collin.edu/chemistry/Handouts/1412/Redox Titration Experiment.pdf>  (Accessed on 23 April 2015) Chemistry Lab Mouse A2 (2008) Practical: Determination of the Percentage of Iron in Iron Tablets [Online] Available from: http://sustainability.sellafieldsites.com/resources/labmouse/chemistry_a2/3204.php>  (Accessed on 24 April 2015) Northern Virginia Community College (2014) Chemistry 111 Lab- Redox Titration [Online] Available from: http://www.nvcc.edu/alexandria/stb/chm/111/111.08RedoxTitrationSpring2015.pdf >  (Accessed on 24 April 2015) Boundless (2014) Redox titrations [Online] Available from: https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/aqueous-reactions-4/oxidation-reduction-reactions-48/redox-titrations-248-1533/>  (Accessed on 24 April 2015) Winona State University (2010) Determination of Iron by Redox Titration [Online] Available from: http://course1.winona.edu/cmiertschin/213/inquiry_lab/exp10_fe_redox.pdf  (Accessed on 24 April 2015) Braemar College (2015) Internal Assessment Guidelines Unit Timeline [Online] Available from: http://vinkichemistry12.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/2/1/25219856/course_description_-_unit_3_2015.pdf>  (Accessed on 24 April 2015) Risk assessment services (2008) Hazard Communication Sheet  SULPHURIC ACID 90-100%w/w [Online] Available from: http://www.riskassessmentservices.co.uk/HazCom/Sulphuric Acid3.pdf>  (Accessed on 24 April 2015) TAQ 2 Time Frame of the investigation if the experiment was to be carried out: 3 days for background research 2 days to write an introduction, reference list 1 day to arrange chemicals, samples and equipments to do the experiment 1 day to do the experiment 1 day to analyze collected data 2 days to write results, build tables and graphs and write a conclusion and abstract Total 10 days to finalize carry out the research project

Essay --

Title: Effectiveness of analgesia for pain management in patients with Sickle Cell Disease Introduction: Patient X was a 29-year-old male patient with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Aside from the complications associated with SCD such as opportunistic infections and vaso-occulsive episodes, which led to intense episodes of pain, he had no other co-morbidities. Patient X ran a family import business, which required frequent local and overseas travel. During the interview, Patient X repeatedly vocalized that the unpredictable onset and the manifestations of its symptoms was interfering with his quality of life in terms of economic cost (loss of business opportunities) and sleep. During acute episodes of pain, depending on its severity, Patient X would either contact his local GP for a prescription of painkillers or present himself at the Emergency Department (ED) to seek relief from his pain. SCD affects individuals with sub-Saharan African, Caribbean and Mediterranean ancestry. With a prevalence rate of more than 100,000 people in the United States alone and an incidence rate of 1 in 500 births among African-Americans, SCD is a major public health concern. (Givens et al. 2007, p. 239) Sickle Cell Pain (SCP) is a common feature in patients with SCD. It is characterised by episodes of severe pain. As pain management is primarily pharmaceutical in nature, the use of analgesia is of crucial importance in maintaining a patient’s quality of life. In SCP, the two major classes of analgesia used are non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) and opioids. (See Table 1) First hand accounts from Patient X during interview in addition to a literature review which will be discussed later in this article highlights major psychosocial and medi... ... ED clinician attitudes, practice patterns as well as low addiction rates in this population should be highlighted to allow intervention. Following this, initiatives to improve ED management of acute sickle cell disease pain could promote more efficient ways to manage SCD pain, better dissemination of national guidelines, and efforts to improve negative physician attitudes toward SCD patients. Because of the complex nature of SCP, ideally there should be increased collaboration between front-line physicians such as the General practitioner and the Emergency Physician with subject matter specialists such as an Anaesthetist (to address acute and chronic pain management issues) and Haematologist (to treat the underlying pathophysiology of SCD). This multidisciplinary approach will not only to decrease adverse outcomes, but also increase the patient’s quality of life.

Genetic Engineering: The History of Gene Therapy Essay -- Expository E

The History of Gene Therapy In today’s society, the demand for perfection is strong. Imagine the possibility that you could choose the traits your child would possess. As technology increases, eventually humans could be able to create the ‘perfect’ child, with a ‘perfect’ behavior by replacing one gene with another. Vision the possibility that diseased or mutated genes could be replaced, ridding the world of hereditary diseases. In order to do this, technology must be increased in the area of gene therapy. Gene therapy has come a long way in its short existence. Genetic enhancement of humans may someday be possible, following the successful completion of the Human Genome Project. According to an article in New Statesman (v. 127) by Caroline Daniel, the Human Genome Project is an ‘international scientific collaboration’. The project was started in 1990. More than two billion Pounds, was funded by the European public. The United States is the main country in favor of this research. Organizations such as the National Institute of health and the US Department of Energy are among those in favor. Though this research might sound promising and exciting, much more needs to be learned about genes and the composition of DNA. DNA is a double helix with nearly three billion chemical letters of genetic text, located in more than one hundred thousand different genes. The difficult part is not identifying each individual gene, but rather to figure out how each gene works, their reactions to disease and response to the environment. The Human Genome Project’s goal is to sequence every human gene before the year 2005, and surprisingly it is right on schedule. In late 1997 50,000 genes had been mapped. Originally, the th... ...t all. In closing, though the science of gene therapy has only been around for just more than a decade much progress has been made. Through this research, helpful information about genes and diseases, what links them, and how to cure them, is being uncovered. As long as gene therapy is used solely for the purpose of curing disease, or helping the overall health of mankind, then I am not against it. This is a new technology that someday could help extend the average life span of human beings. Man-kind could really benefit from this research. As the days pass, we are making progress in this field. Only time can tell when genetic disorders will be unheard of. Works Cited Adelman, Ken. â€Å"Changing who we are.† Washingtonian v. 35 no. 11 (2000): 25-28. Daniel, Caroline. â€Å"Human Genetics: the dinner-party guide.† New Statesman v. 127 (1998): page 30.

Where Women Lead The Show †Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, 1879

Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, 1879 shows two young girls, most probably between twelve and fifteen years of age, taking turns to perform their act at the circus. One of the young girls is carrying balls around her chest while the other is communicating with the audience as part of her act. The girl who is communicating with the audience has a questioning, innocent expression on her face. The one who is carrying balls is possibly waiting for her turn to perform. She, too, is innocent and fresh in appearance as the other. However, she seems to be dwelling on her new experiences of semi-adulthood. Perhaps she is musing on the boys in her life – the young men who admire her very much. The audience depicted in the painting, behind the bodies of the two young girls, appears to consist of men alone after all. The men appear like judges, in their black coats, giving them the semblance of uniformed officers. Only one of the men has his face visible through the painting, and the face is hard enough for the girls to display their innocence in all its glory with the assumption that the counterpart of a harsh and doubtful attitude must be softness. Although the girl carrying the balls has her back turned toward the hard faced man, she knows that she too would have to perform. The expressions of the male and the females in Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, 1879 are rather similar to the expressions of the two sexes depicted in many of the artist’s works of the time. The woman is seen as the adored and innocent object that performs, even though the man is hard faced, perhaps weary of the work that he performs to fend for his family day after day. The woman is the amuser, the muse, and the object of entertainment to fend for. After all, she is beautiful. The only beautiful facet of the man is that he is strong – in Renoir’s paintings, at least. What is more, the man is always staring at the woman in Renoir’s works. He fondles her whenever he has the chance. The woman remains faithful to him – this is depicted through the innocence on her face. If she becomes unfaithful she knows that the hard faced man would discontinue supporting her. The French word for ‘thank you’ is merci, which, if used in English, perfectly describes the attitude of the woman in late nineteenth century Paris. Although Paris was one of the first places in the west where women were generally believed to have been liberated, Renoir’s painting reveals that the women were definitely not liberated through promiscuity or debauchery. Rather, the urban Parisian women in the late nineteenth century seem to have been given permission by their men to be out and about, entertaining them, while remaining faithful to their innocence as well as their marital vows. As the facial expression of the young girl carrying the balls in Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, 1879 reveals – women understood their position in Parisian society even as they were aware that men and women are equally dependent on each other. Perhaps they also knew that men could turn violent against the woman – the epitome of mercy – and that their partners may very well become harsh and cruel if they were not obeyed according to divine laws that are believed to demand that they become subservient unto men. Although these beliefs continue to be nurtured in many parts of the world, Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, 1879 is a reminder that divine laws may have been misconstrued as well!